Towards a common Mediterranean framework for beach nourishment projects

Integrated Coastal Zone Management as a strategy for achieving conservation and sustainable multiple use of the coastal zone includes various types of management initiatives. Due to natural phenomena such as tides and winds and to social and economic activities, coastal areas undergo transformation. Coastal erosion and the disappearance of beaches as a result of wrong planning decisions and lack of effective legislation are among the most damaging effects and to reverse them requires application of a series of engineering techniques. Beach nourishment projects as a way towards shore protection and utilization through recreational purposes in the Spanish and Italian coasts are noteworthy in this respect. In beach nourishment projects, the roles of various entities, both public and private, should be clearly indicated and in the evaluation and execution stage a series of questions should be answered for the successful completion of any nourishment project. Past projects in the Mediterranean and experiences from recent Italian projects in Anzio and Nettuno confirm this. For example, dredging of the entrance channel of the port of Anzio enabled middle-sized ferryboats once again to enter the port (which had not been possible before). This will in turn increase the tourism potential of the town. Nourishment of two beaches at these sites prevented further erosion and provided more area for recreational purposes. Expected economic contribution of beach nourishments to the regional authority was estimated for Nettuno and Anzio; the resulting theoretical payback period was found to be 3 yr for the former and 15 yr for the latter.     

The Estuarine Component of the Us E.P.A.'S Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

The US Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Research and Development has initiated the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to monitor status and trends in the condition of the nation's near coastal waters, forests, wetlands, agro-ecosystems, surface waters, deserts and rangelands. the programme is also intended to evaluate the effectiveness of Agency policies at protecting ecological resources occurring in these systems. Monitoring data collected for all ecosystems will be integrated for regional and national status and trends assessments. the near coastal component of EMAP consists of estuaries, coastal waters, and the Great Lakes. Near coastal ecosystems have been regionalized and classified, and an integrated sampling strategy has been developed. EPA and NOAA have agreed to coordinate and, to the extent possible, integrate the near coastal component of EMAP with the NOAA National Status and Trends Program. A demonstration project was conducted in estuaries of the mid-Atlantic region (Chesapeake Bay to Cape Cod) in the summer of 1990. in 1991, monitoring continued in mid-Atlantic estuaries and was initiated in estuaries of a portion of the Gulf of Mexico. Preliminary results indicate: there are no insurmountable logistical problems with sampling on a regional scale; several of the selected indicators are practical and sensitive on the regional scale; and an efficient effort in future years will provide valuable information on condition of estuarine resources at regional scales.     

The Scientific Basis of Marine Pollution Prevention Strategies

Prevention of marine pollution, particularly in semi-enclosed seas, embayments and areas with limited exchange of water, requires a well conceived and harmonized legal system, specified standards, a monitoring programme, and effective control and enforcement capabilities. This comprehensive approach is often called a strategy. Three generations of strategies have been devised and applied historically in Europe and North America, each a step further in integrating environmental protection, technical advancement and economic capabilities. the overpowering socio-economic problems of transition from a centrally planned to a market economy, a task facing a dozen central and eastern European coastal states, compound the problem of application of an integrated approach.

No management strategy can achieve its set goals unless based on scientific evidence. the data base has to offer information on two basic questions, one specific and one of a general nature.

The specific question is: Has the area under consideration some features, an activity, or one or more living species, which must be protected at any cost? the answer to this question will invoke the precautionary principle into strategic considerations, and leads to the general question: What is the carrying (= assimilative or environmental) capacity for each activity and for the discharge of each contaminant into the impacted area? Answers to these questions lead to the choice of the strategy for environmental management.     

乡域资源与环境协调发展的实践与探讨——以山东省枣庄市萝藤乡为例

本文通过山东省枣庄市峄城区萝藤乡建立生态经济乡途径研究的实践,探讨了在乡域实现资源与环境协调发展的新思路,为我国农村现代化建设做出了有益的尝试。     

Organic and Inorganic Characterization of Marine Colloids

Isolates of the organic matter in the particulate, colloidal and dissolved states were obtained by tangential flow ultrafiltration through 0.40 μm polycarbonate and ∼ 1 nm (1000 NMWL*) regenerated cellulose membranes and by solid-liquid reverse phase extraction techniques. the material was analyzed qualitatively by mass spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection of labelled primary amines and amino acids, and inductively coupled plasma/mass spectroscopy. All three states are characterized by similar organic chemistries. the marine colloidal state in coastal waters off the Californian coast contains primarily carbohydrates, fatty acids, minor amounts of proteinaceous compounds and electropositive elements including aluminium and iron. Aromatic molecules and olefinic functional groups are in low concentration. the colloidal state differs qualitatively from the particulate and dissolved states. Yet all three could be derived, with degradation, from algal or macroalgal surface components.     

我国自然风景地景观环境问题的成因及对策

生态环境、景观质量是自然风景地旅游吸引的基本因素 ,对中国而言 ,如何协调旅游开发与景观、环境保护的关系是一个亟待解决的问题。本文在分析我国自然风景地主要的景观、环境问题成因的基础上 ,提出了一些框架性的对策和建议     

长江三角洲地区城镇扩展、开发区设置遥感解译

长江三角洲地区开发区的设置同城市扩展紧密相联，１９８５年以来掀起了办开发区热。通过遥感信息的解译，获取了城镇扩展和开发区的设置的数据，至１９９３年下半年，经过调整，开发区走上了稳步、健康发展的轨道，成为经济发展的“窗口”与“示范”。     

东南沿海珍珠岩矿床及其成因

本区珍珠岩矿床主要产于中生代Ⅲ、Ⅳ旋回初始期和复活期的火山岩中,形成于活动大陆边缘的扩张阶段,是“陆壳改造型”岩浆强烈分异的产物,矿床类型可分为牛台式和白水洋式。珍珠岩具有异常高的δ~(18)O值,它取决于低温时水—岩同位素交换反应。珍珠岩中Cs矿化十分显著。珍珠岩水的结构种及含量是决定膨胀倍的主要因素。     

Visions and strategies for growth management: Teller County/Woodland Park example

This article is the third in a series prepared to explain the Teller County growth management planning process. Once it was determined by local decision-makers that Teller County, Colorado, would pursue a policy of directed growth, concepts based on this policy were developed. These concepts presented visions and options for the future. Landscape plans then were developed for Teller County and the City of Woodland Park planning area so that these options could be visualized by local leaders and the public. The landscape plans were used as part of the ongoing citizen involvement process to inform the public about the options for growth management. To provide even more information, detailed designs were developed for specific areas in the county. From the landscape plan, public involvement effort, and detailed designs, specific implementation measures were identified, discussed, and adopted. These measures included guidelines for administration, so that county and city goals could be linked to the actual day-to-day management of development proposals. Paper 3 in a series of 3.